Transcription occurs in three main stages: initiation, elongation, and termination.

• E. RNA polymerase binds to promoter with the help of sigma factor
  This is the initiation step, where σ-factor helps RNA polymerase recognize and bind to the promoter region.

• C. RNA polymerase facilitates opening of the DNA helix
  After binding, the DNA strands unwind to form the transcription bubble.

• A. RNA polymerase uses nucleoside triphosphates during elongation
  RNA chain is synthesized by adding nucleotides complementary to the template strand.

• D. Only a short stretch of RNA remains bound to the enzyme
  During elongation, a small segment of newly formed RNA remains attached to RNA polymerase while the rest peels off.

• B. RNA polymerase associates with termination factor (ρ)
  This represents the termination step, where transcription ends.