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Botany

Plant Kingdom

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Peat, which is used as fuel and as packing material for trans-shipment of living material is obtained from

Marchantia

Riccia

Sphagnum

Funaria

The following figures respectively represent

Laminaria, Fucus and Dictyota

Fucus, Laminaria and Dictyota

Dictyota, Laminaria and Fucus

Fucus, Dictyota and Laminaria

Identify the incorrectly matched pair.

Pteridophytes - Main plant body is a sporophyte

Gymnosperms - Ovules are not enclosed by any ovary wall

Bryophytes - Possess well-differentiated vascular tissues

Angiosperms - Seeds are enclosed in fruits

Which of the following algae lack flagellated stages in their life cycle?

Chlorophyceae

Phaeophyceae

Rhodophyceae

Both A and B

Match the column :

Column I	Column II
AChlamydomonas	iIsogamous
BVolvox	iiAnisogamous
CFucus	iiiOogamous
DSpirogyra	iv.

A = (i), B = (ii), C = (iii), D = (ii, iii)

A = (i, ii), B = (iii), C = (i), D = (i, iii)

A = (iii), B = (i, ii), C = (iii), D = (i)

A = (i, ii, iii), B = (iii), C =(iii), D=(i)

Identify A, B, C and D in the table given below.

A-Chlorophyll a, d, phycocyanin, B-Florideian starch, C-Chitin, D-2 short and long

A-Chlorophyll a, b, fucoxanthin, B-Florideian starch, C-polysaccharide and amino acid, D-2, longitudinal and transverse

A-Chlorophyll a, d, fucoxanthin, B-Paralymum and fat, C-Abscent, D-2, heterokont flagella

A-Chlorophyll a, c, fucoxanthin, B-Floridian starch, C-Cellulose, D-Absent

A plant with 24 chromosomes in microspore mother cell shall have ______ number of chromosomes in its endosperm (angiosperm).

Observe the following figure and select correct option.
ChatGPT Image Apr 15, 2026, 10_03_26 PM.png

It represents Sphagnum belonging to Mosses

It represents Selaginella belonging to Mosses

It represents Selaginella belonging to Lycopsida

It represents Sphagnum belonging to Lycopsida

Select the correct statement.

Gymnosperms are both homosporous and heterosporous

Salvinia, Ginkgo and Pinus all are gymnosperms

Sequoia is one of the tallest trees

The leaves of gymnosperms are not well adapted to extremes of climate

Assertion : In member of red algae, oogamous type of sexual reproduction is found.
Reason : In life cycle of red algae motile structure is absent.

Both Assertion & Reason are True & the Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion.

Both Assertion & Reason are True but Reason is not a correct explanation of the Assertion.

Assertion is True but the Reason is False.

Both Assertion & Reason are False.

Normally angiosperm plants represent siphonogamy and internal fertilisation while the algae represent following sexual reproduction.

Normally external fertilisation

Siphonogamy and internal fertilisation

Internal fertilisation

Zygotic meiosis to produce embryo

Pteridophytes are used for

Medicinal purposes and as soil-binders

Food only

Fuel only

Industrial purposes only

In bryophytes, the male sex organ is called (I) and the female sex organ is called (II)

I-Archegonium, II-Antheridium

I-Antheridium, II-Archegonium

I-Oogonium, II-Antheridium

I-Antheridium, II-Oogonium

The plant body of brown algae is usually attached to the substratum by a (I), and has a stalk, the (II) and leaf like photosynthetic organ the (III)

I-Holdfast, II-Stipe, III-Frond

I-Stipe, II-Holdfast, III-Frond

I-Holdfast, II-Frond, III-Stipe

I-Frond, II-Stipe, III-Holdfast

Artificial systems of classification are based on

Evolutionary relationships among organisms

Vegetative characters or superficial morphological characters

Reproductive characters or anatomical characters

Cytological information like chromosome number, structure, behaviour etc.

The figure given below represents

Haplontic life cycle as seen in Volvox

Diplontic life cycle as seen in gymnosperms &

angiosperms.

Haplo-diplontic life cycle as seen in Bryophytes &

Pteridophytes

Haplo-diplontic life cycle as seen in gymnosperms

& angiosperms

Given below are some statements regarding haplontic pattern of plant life cycle. 1. In this, sporophytic generation is represented only by the zygote. 2. There are no free-living sporophytes. 3. Zygote undergoes mitosis to form haploid spores. 4. They divide meiotically to form gametophyte. 5. The dominant, photosynthetic phase is the free-living gametophyte. 6. Algae such as Volvox, Spirogyra and some species of Chlamydomonas show haplontic life cycle. Of these,

Statements 1, 4 and 6 are false

Statements 2 and 3 are false

Statements 3 and 4 are false

Statements 3, 4 and 5 are false

Pyrenoids, the storage bodies found in the chloroplasts of algae contain

Protein and starch

Starch only

Protein only

Oil droplets only

Which of the following branch of taxonomy is based on cytological information like chromosome number, structure, and behaviour?

Numerical taxonomy

Cytotaxonomy

Chemotaxonomy

Phylogeny

In some pteridophytes, sporophylls may form distinct compact structures called

Strobili or cones

Capsules

Flowers

Gemma cups

Fill in the blanks correctly w.r.t. the life cycle of a moss :

A moss of sporophyte → A → Spore mother cell → B → Spore → C → Leafy gametophyte

A-Capsule, B-Meiosis, C-Protonema

A-Sporangia, B-Meiosis, C-Protonema

A-Capsule, B-Mitosis, C-Prothallus

A-Sporangia, B-Mitosis, C-Gametophyte

Asexual reproduction in liverworts takes place by

Fragmentation of thalli or by gemmae

Spore formation only

Budding only

Fragmentation only

Few stages of life cycle of moss is given below. Arrange these events in correct order starting from sex organ bearing structure and select the correct option from given below :
A. Protonema
B. Leafy gametophyte
C. Spore formation
D. Sporogonium
E. Fertilization
F. Sporophyte

A → B → C → D → E → F

A → B → F → E → C → D

B → E → F → C → D → A

Linnaeus's artificial system of classification is based on

Androecium structure

Structure of leaves and flowers

Natural affinities among organisms

Chromosome number

Choose the incorrect match from following :-

Bryophyta - Zygote do not undergo reduction division immediately

Pteridophytes - have photosynthetic gametophyte

Gymnosperm - Main plant body sporophyte

Algae - Presence of embryo

The food is stored as floridean starch in

Chlorophyceae

Phaeophyceae

Rhodophyceae

Cyanophyceae

A diagram of female thallus of a bryophyte is given below. Select the option giving incorrect information regarding it :

Given bryophyte is a moss

It's sporophyte consist of foot, seta and capsule

Gemma cups participate in asexual reproduction

It can also reproduce by fragmentation

The predominant stage of the life cycle of a moss is the gametophyte which consists of two stages. The first stage is the (I) stage and the second stage is the (II) stage.

I-Protonema, II-Leafy

I-Leafy, II-Protonema

I-Protonema, II-Thallus

I-Thallus, II-Leafy

Small leaves (microphylls) are found in (I) and large leaves (macrophylls) are found in (II)

I-Selaginella, II-Ferns

I-Ferns, II-Selaginella

I-Equisetum, II-Ferns

I-Selaginella, II-Equisetum

Cell wall of green algae is made of

Outer layer of cellulose and inner layer of pectin

Inner layer of cellulose and outer layer of pectin

Outer layer of chitin and inner layer of cellulose

Only cellulose

Which of the following statements regarding the reproductive structures of Gymnosperms is correct?

The male and female cones are always borne on the same tree in all gymnosperms.

Pollen grains are transferred by wind in most gymnosperms.

Double fertilization occurs within the naked ovule.

The endosperm is formed after fertilization and is diploid (2n).

Which one of the following statement is wrong regarding gymnosperm?

Male and female gametophyte do not have an independent free living existence.

Multicellular female gametophyte bears two or more archegonia or female sex organs.

Male gametophyte generation is highly reduced and is confined to only a limited number of cells.

The megaspore mother cell divides mitotically to form four megaspore.

Match List-I with List-II.
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.

List-I (Organism)	List-II (Characteristic)
A Chara	i Oogamous sexual reproduction, chloroplasts contain chlorophyll a and d
B Anabaena	ii Stored food is laminarin or mannitol, chloroplasts contain chlorophyll a and c
C Polysiphonia	iii Chloroplasts contain pyrenoids, chlorophyll a and b
D Dictyota	iv Chloroplasts are not present, can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialised cells

A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II

A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I

A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV

A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III

Recognise the figure and choose the correct option:

a – Scoliodon, b - Hippocampus

a – Cartilaginous fish, b – Bony fish

a – Dog fish, b – Saw fish

a – Pristis, b – Scoliodon

Chemotaxonomy is based on

All observable characteristics

Chromosome number

Chemical constituents of the plant

Evolutionary relationships

Given below are the stages in the life cycle of pteridophytes. Arrange the following stages in the correct sequence.

A. Prothallus stage

B. Meiosis in spore mother cells

C. Fertilisation

D. Formation of archegonia and antheridia in gametophyte.

E. Transfer of antherozoids to the archegonia in presence of water.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

B, A, D, E, C

B, A, E, C, D

D, E, C, A, B

E, D, C, B, A

Identify the correct statement.

In gymnosperms, the male and female gametophytes have an independent existence.

Liverworts reproduce asexually by fragmentation or specialized structures called gemmae.

In mosses, strobili or cones are formed.

All pteridophytes show an event precursor to seed habit.

The first terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) are

Bryophytes

Pteridophytes

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

Agar, one of the commercial products used to grow microbes and in preparations of ice-creams and jellies are obtained from

Gelidium and Gracilaria

Volvox and Ulothrix

Ectocarpus and Dictyota

Porphyra and Laminaria

Which of the following is a liverwort?

Sphagnum

Funaria

Polytrichum

Marchantia

Given below are stages in the life cycle of a moss (bryophyte). Arrange the following stages in the correct chronological sequence starting from spore germination.

A. Formation of leafy gametophyte from protonema.
B. Germination of spores to form creeping green protonema.
C. Meiosis in the capsule of the sporophyte.
D. Development of sporophyte (foot, seta, capsule) from zygote.
E. Fertilization in the presence of water to form zygote.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

C, B, E, D, A

B, A, E, D, C

B, A, D, E, C

C, E, D, A, B

Identify the figures given below

Polysiphonia & Porphyra respectively

Porphyra & Polysiphonia respectively

Polysiphonia & Gracilaria respectively

Gracilaria & Porphyra respectively

Phylogenetic classification systems are based on

Evolutionary relationships between various organisms

All observable characteristics

Cytological information

Chemical constituents of the plant

Which is correctly labelled?

A= Antheridiophore B= Gemma cup C= Rhizoids

A= Archegoniophore B= Gemma cup C= Rhizoids

A= Gemma cup B= Archegoniophore C= Rhizoids

A= Gemma cup B= Antheridiophore C= Rhizoids

Bryophytes are called amphibians of the plant kingdom because

They live in water

They live on land but are dependent on water for sexual reproduction

They can live both on land and in water

They resemble amphibians in their structure

Rhodophyceae (Red algae) are red because of the predominance of the red pigment

Fucoxanthin

r-phycoerythrin

Chlorophyll d

Carotene

Phaeophyceae (Brown algae) possess

Chlorophyll a, c, carotenoids and xanthophylls

Chlorophyll a, d and phycoerythrin

Chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids

Chlorophyll b, c and xanthophylls

The giant redwood tree Sequoia is a/an

Angiosperm

Gymnosperm

Pteridophyte

Bryophyte

The sporophyte of pteridophytes bears sporangia that are subtended by leaf-like appendages called

Sporophylls

Strobili

Cones

Lax

Gymnosperms are plants in which the ovules

Are enclosed by an ovary wall

Remain exposed, both before and after fertilisation

Are enclosed in a fruit

Are absent

Most of the pteridophytes produce similar kinds of spores; such plants are called (I). Selaginella and Salvinia produce two kinds of spores, macro and micro spores, such plants are known as (II).

I-Homosporous, II-Heterosporous

I-Heterosporous, II-Homosporous

I-Isosporous, II-Anisosporous

I-Homosporous, II-Isosporous

The chloroplasts of algae are of various shapes. Match the following Column I: I Chlamydomonas, II Ulothrix, III Spirogyra, IV Zygnema Column II: P Ribbon-shaped, Q Star-shaped, R Cup-shaped, S Girdle-shaped

I-R, II-S, III-P, IV-Q

I-S, II-R, III-P, IV-Q

I-R, II-P, III-S, IV-Q

I-R, II-S, III-Q, IV-P

The plant body of bryophytes is

Sporophyte

Gametophyte

Both sporophyte and gametophyte

Neither sporophyte nor gametophyte

In Gymnosperms, the roots are generally tap roots. Roots in some genera have fungal association in the form of (I) (e.g., Pinus), while in some others (e.g., Cycas) small specialised roots called (II) are associated with N2-fixing cyanobacteria.

I-Mycorrhiza, II-Coralloid roots

I-Coralloid roots, II-Mycorrhiza

I-Lichens, II-Coralloid roots

I-Mycorrhiza, II-Adventitious roots

Chlorella and Spirulina are used as food supplements even by space travellers because

They are rich in starch

They are rich in protein

They are rich in vitamins

They are rich in minerals

The following figures respectively represent:

Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Chara

Chara, Volvox, Chlamydomonas

Volvox, Chlamydomonas, Chara

Volvox, Chara, Chlamydomonas

The sporophyte of mosses consists of

Foot and seta only

Seta and capsule only

Foot, seta and capsule

Foot and capsule only

Choose the correct option that accurately matches the type of root system with the respective gymnosperm:

List-I (Root System) List-II (Gymnosperm)
A. Coralloid roots with N₂-fixing cyanobacteria I. Pinus
B. Tap roots associated with mycorrhizal fungi II. Ginkgo
C. Branched tap roots III. Cycas

A-III, B-I, C-II only

A-I, B-II, C-III only

A-III, B-II, C-I only

A-II, B-I, C-III only

Given below are two statements:
Statement-I : In Bryophytes, the sporophyte is not free living but attached to the photosynthetic gametophyte and derives nourishment from it.
Statement-II : In heterosporous pteridophytes the female gametophyte are retained on the parent sporophytes for variable periods. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Both statement I and statement II are correct.

Both statement I and statement II are incorrect.

Statement I is correct but statement II is incorrect.

Statement I is incorrect but statement II is correct.

In pteridophytes, the main plant body is a

Gametophyte

Sporophyte

Both are equally dominant

Haploid thallus

Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Laminaria, Sargassum and Fucus are examples of

Chlorophyceae

Phaeophyceae

Rhodophyceae

Cyanophyceae

Algin and Carrageen are hydrocolloids obtained from

Brown algae and Red algae respectively

Red algae and Brown algae respectively

Green algae and Brown algae respectively

Red algae and Green algae respectively

Natural classification for flowering plants given by

Carl Linnaeus

R.H Whittaker

George Bentham & Joseph Dalton Hooker

Engler and Prantle

Gemmae are

Green, multicellular, asexual buds

Non-green, unicellular buds

Green, unicellular, sexual buds

Multicellular sexual organs

Natural classification systems consider

Morphology and phytochemistry only

Cytological information only

Anatomy, embryology and evolutionary history

Ultrastructure, anatomy, embryology & phytochemistry

Sexual reproduction in Chlorophyceae may be

Isogamous only

Anisogamous only

Oogamous only

Isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous

The development of the zygote into young embryos takes place within the female gametophytes in heterosporous pteridophytes. This event is a precursor to the

Seed habit

Fruit formation

Vascular nature

Flower formation

The members of Chlorophyceae are commonly called

Green algae

Brown algae

Red algae

Blue green algae

Giving equal weightage to vegetative and sexual characteristics is the drawback of

Artificial systems of classification

Natural systems of classification

Phylogenetic systems of classification

Numerical taxonomy

Question Palette

Unattempted

Correct

Incorrect

Column I

Column II

AChlamydomonas

iIsogamous

BVolvox

iiAnisogamous

CFucus

iiiOogamous

DSpirogyra

iv.

List-I (Organism)

List-II (Characteristic)

Chara

Oogamous sexual reproduction, chloroplasts contain chlorophyll a and d

Anabaena

Stored food is laminarin or mannitol, chloroplasts contain chlorophyll a and c

Polysiphonia

iii

Chloroplasts contain pyrenoids, chlorophyll a and b

Dictyota

Chloroplasts are not present, can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialised cells